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The color wheel comes from here. Newton bent the spectrum into a circle in 1704, and 18th-century painting theory settled on red, yellow, and blue as the primaries.
Europe's older systems don't use it
Heraldry sorts colors by light and dark instead of by hue. Gold and silver on one side, red, blue, green, black, and purple on the other. Anything placed on a shield had to come from the opposite group: a gold lion on blue, never black on blue. The rule was written down by 1568, and it exists so a coat of arms stays identifiable at distance in poor light.
Russian has no word that covers all of blue. Light blue and dark blue are separate colors with separate names, the way English treats pink and red.
Hungarian has two words for red. Vörös comes from the word for blood and is used for blood, wine, hair, fire, and politics. Piros comes from the word for blush and is used for a red car, a red pen, a red apple. The two aren't reliably light and dark versions of each other, so using red in palettes for Hungary and surrounding countries would be tricky.
Northern Europe
Western Europe
Central Europe
Eastern Europe
Keep reading
Sources
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- Little Brick Lane. Design When You're Healing: Soft Tones, Easy Textures, and Safe Shapes. May 2025
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- Uusküla, Mari, and Urmas Sutrop. The Puzzle of Two Terms for Red in Hungarian. In Rara & Rarissima: Documenting the Fringes of Linguistic Diversity, 359–376. De Gruyter Mouton. 2011
- Benczes, Réka, and Erzsébet Tóth-Czifra. The Hungarian Colour Terms piros and vörös: A Corpus and Cognitive Linguistic Account. Acta Linguistica Hungarica 61(2): 123–152. Jun 2014
- Russian Icon. The Meaning of Symbols in Russian Icons: Decoding the Sacred Language. n.d.
- St. Mary Magdalene Orthodox Church. Windows to Heaven: Understanding Orthodox Icons. n.d.
- History.com. Red Square. n.d.
- Winawer, Jonathan, Nathan Witthoft, Michael C. Frank, Lisa Wu, Alex R. Wade, and Lera Boroditsky. Russian Blues Reveal Effects of Language on Color Discrimination. PNAS 104(19): 7780–7785. 2007
- Martinovic, Jasna, Galina V. Paramei, and W. Joseph MacInnes. Russian Blues Reveal the Limits of Language Influencing Colour Discrimination. Cognition. 2020